Someone asked me the other day why the Civil War matters to
Canadians. I had to ponder why this question would be posed. To me, it is as simple as it gets. Confederation in 1867 would not have occurred
when it did and in the form it took without the Civil War. The books by Robin Winks and Greg Marquis have made this case beyond reproach.
Yet, despite the qualities of those books, neither appears to have had much
effect on Canadian historiography - most definitely in the public realm. This
is, I think, a mistake. The Civil War was as important to Canadian
history as the War of 1812.
Much of this comes from the perils of writing a 'national' history
- crafting a narrative that unites and reassures disparate members of the country.
It seems to me that Canadians have tried to purge any semblance of U.S.
influence over the nation’s development, and limit that of the British or
French. The Civil War merits barely a
few sentences in textbooks as a causal factor behind Confederation. While this is true, it is hardly a fair
representation. Such a narrative makes
it appear as if the war forced the Canadian population together in fear of a
U.S. invasion. This omits the divided
opinion within the colonies on the war, actions in support of both sides, the
role of the British government at the time trying hard – and successfully – to
avoid greater conflict, as well as the controversial Confederation process
itself. It ties in with the dominant
meta-narrative that Canadians appear to have that the U.S. is out to get
them. That the two countries have had
extensive interconnections before, during and since the 1860s has failed to
budge this idea.
However, this desire for a ‘national’ history is no excuse for a
bad one. It was impossible for anyone in North America to escape the
effects of the largest and costliest war ever fought in this continent. No one in the United States did, and works on
Mexico, the Bahamas, Cuba, the Caribbean, Britain, France, Japan, China, Russia
or South Africa testify to its worldwide impact. Canada felt its effects, and made its effect felt,
more than any of these. I’d like to
point out several of these effects:
1) Somewhere between 18,000 and 50,000
British North Americans served as soldiers, sailors or marines in the Civil War. Winks and Marquis debate the numbers, but even
the low estimate indicates that more British North Americans fought in the
Civil War than any other nationality, and even some states. They also believe that most supported the
Union cause rather than the Confederacy.
Many more may have journeyed south to work in factories or on farms in the
U.S. We probably will never know how
many made either trip. It is hard to define or
identify them since travel was so common place then. One of
those who fought was Calixa Lavellée, the composer of the music to “O Canada.” A musician with the 4th Rhode Island
Volunteers, he was wounded at the Battle of Antietam in September 1862.
2) Many of these former servicemen returned
to Canada or travelled north after the war and established veterans’
association. The Grand Army of the
Republic had eight branches in Canada, four in Ontario, three in Quebec and one
in Manitoba. This was the second such group
in Canada, following the Army and Navy Association of British veterans. The G.A.R.’s impact on Canada remains
unknown.
3) Little is known about the economic support
the colonies gave to the U.S. during this conflict, which Canada has done from
the First World War up to the Iraq War.
If British neutrality laws did not impair exports, this could have been
a major asset to Lincoln. It is known
that an influx of deserters and draft evaders, as many as 20,000, lowered wages
in Canada during the war.
4) The pro-Confederate actions committed by
Canadians to impair the U.S. war effort, such as the St. Alban’s Raid, the
seizure of the S.S. Chesapeake, and
the escape of the C.S.S. Tallahassee,
are omitted. These acts challenge the
idea that Canada was a passive actor in the war. They contributed to legitimate U.S. concerns
about their northern frontier.
Fortunately, they saw a greater menace from the French in Mexico than
the British in Canada. The Treaty of
Washington resolved these issues for all time.
5) Canadians like to take pride in their role
in the Underground Railroad, the last stop on the fabled escape route for the
enslaved. This, however, is only half of
the story. Most left after the war,
partly because of the promises of racial equality under Reconstruction, and of
hostility in Canada. If the estimated
30,000 to 100,000 African Americans had stayed, its history would have been
changed. Racially exclusive immigration
laws kept the black population of Canada would remain below 20,000 until the
1960s. Had they remained, Canadian race
relations could have been very different.
In areas where blacks lived in numbers, such as Nova Scotia or New
Brunswick, they faced all the trappings of segregation and marginalization more
commonly found in the former Confederacy, and well into the Twentieth Century.
6) For all the resentment of the U.S. and its
system of government, Canada’s constitution resembled theirs in many ways. First, the fact that they had a
constitution. Second, the federal system
which was unknown anywhere in the British Empire at the time – copied in 1901
by Australia. Canada modified the
division of powers to keep authority centralized rather than devolved, a slight
contrast with that of the U.S.
So, here are six reasons why the Civil War matters to
Canadians. The people, more than their
leaders, participated in the conflict in a myriad of ways. Sometimes they supported the U.S., while
opposing them at other times. It was a
major event in their history. If the War
of 1812 ensured that the northern part of North America would remain in British
hands, the Civil War defined its style of government, its mixed approach to its
southern neighbor and, finally, its racial makeup. More work is definitely needed on this
topic.
